Down Syndrome

Down's Syndrome

Down syndrome (DS) is caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21. Children with Down syndrome have a severe delay in cognitive abilities, physical growth, and often exhibit unique facial and physical characteristics.  Language skills are greatly impacted and children with DS commonly have a speech delay as well as difficulty understanding and expressing speech.  Early intervention and individualized speech therapy can help target speech errors, increase intelligibility, and encourage literacy skills.

 

 

 

Symptoms and Characteristics of Down Syndrome:

It is recommended that all women who are pregnant be screened for Down syndrome. Many non-invasive prenatal screenings can test to see if the developing fetus is disposed to DS. Down syndrome can also be diagnosed at birth after checking the child for abnormalities. 

Down syndrome characteristics fall into physical and mental categories.  Physical symptoms include: a smaller than normal growth rate, low muscle tone, a flattened nose and broad head, and a chin that is smaller than normal. Mentally, children with DS may suffer from: intellectual disabilities, such as a lower IQ, fine motor skill delay due to low muscle tone, and speech delay

DS causes delay in vocalization and language acquisition causing some children to not start speaking until 24-36 months. The speech delay and associated problems generally stem from poor muscle tone (called “hypotonia”) in the area around the mouth making it hard to pronounce the sounds correctly. Hypotonia also leads to feeding and swallowing problems. Children with DS are often born with narrow Eustachian tubes in the middle ear, which can make fluid build-up.  This may affect a child’s ability to hear clearly, leading to language processing problems and delayed ability to understand spoken language.

Treatment of Down Syndrome

There is no known cure for a person with Down syndrome. There are ways to alleviate symptoms and give high quality of life, such as early childhood intervention, treating medical symptoms, and proper education or vocational training. 

For speech problems, working from an early age with a speech language pathologist is the best way to help train proper speech. If the child suffers from poor auditory processing, undergoing surgery to insert ear tubes or using a hearing aid can greatly aid a child’s understanding of sounds and language. Speech therapists may use collections of tools (like Picture Exchange Communication System) or sign language to help aid the process of communication.

Tactile prompts have been used to encourage children with articulation disorders to improve fluency and speech production. Speech Buddies have sometimes been shown to help children with Down syndrome and are being evaluated further.

 

Other Speech Disorders

Articulation Disorder, Apraxia of Speech, Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Cleft Palate, Fragile X Syndrome, Language Disorder, Speech Delay, Stuttering

 

References:

http://www.speechbuddy.com/blog/speech-therapy-techniques/speech-difficulties-in-down-syndrome/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_syndrome

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